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Credit to Author: Doug Bock Clark| Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2018 11:00:00 +0000<\/strong><\/p>\n The email arrived <\/span>just as Megan Squire was starting to cook Thanksgiving dinner. She was flitting between the kitchen, where some chicken soup was simmering, and her living room office, when she saw the subject line flash on her laptop screen: \u201cLOSer Leak.\u201d Squire recognized the acronym of the League of the South, a neo-\u00adConfederate organization whose leaders have called for a \u201csecond secession\u201d and the return of slavery. An anonymous insider had released the names, addresses, emails, passwords, and dues-paying records of more than 4,800 members of the group to a left-wing activist, who in turn forwarded the information to Squire, an expert in data mining and an enemy of far-right extremism.<\/p>\n Fingers tapping across the keyboard, Squire first tried to figure out exactly what she had. She pulled up the Excel file\u2019s metadata, which suggested that it had passed through several hands before reaching hers. She would have to establish its provenance. The data itself was a few years old and haphazardly assembled, so Squire had to rake the tens of thousands of information-filled cells into standardized sets. Next, she searched for League members near her home of Gibsonville, North Carolina. When she found five, she felt a shiver. She had recently received death threats for her activism, so she Googled the names to find images, in case those people showed up at her door. Then she began combing through the thousands of other names. Two appeared to be former South Carolina state legislators, one a firearms industry executive, another a former director at Bank of America.<\/p>\n Once she had a long list of people to investigate, Squire opened a database of her own design\u2014named Whack-a-Mole\u2014which contains, as far as anyone can tell, the most robust trove of information on far-right extremists. When she cross-checked the names, she found that many matched, strengthening her belief in the authenticity of the leak. By midafternoon, Squire was exchanging messages via Slack with an analyst at the Southern Poverty Law Center, a 46-year-old organization that monitors hate groups. Squire often feeds data to the SPLC, whose analysts might use it to provide information to police or to reveal white supremacists to their employers, seeking to get them fired. She also sent several high-profile names from the list to another contact, a left-wing activist who she knew might take more radical action\u2014like posting their identities and photos online, for the public to do with what it would.<\/p>\n February 2018. Subscribe to WIRED<\/a>.<\/p>\n Squire, a 45-year-old professor of computer science at Elon University, lives in a large white house at the end of a suburban street. Inside are, usually, some combination of husband, daughter, two step-children, rescue dog, and cat. In her downtime she runs marathons and tracks far-right extremists. Whack-a-Mole, her creation, is a set of programs that monitors some 400,000 accounts of white nationalists on Facebook and other websites and feeds that information into a centralized database. She insists she is scrupulous to not break the law or violate Facebook\u2019s terms of service. Nor does she conceal her identity, in person or online: \u201cWe shouldn\u2019t have to mask up to say Nazis are bad. And I want them to see I don\u2019t fit their stereotypes\u2014I\u2019m not a millennial or a \u2018snowflake.\u2019 I\u2019m a peaceful white mom who definitely doesn\u2019t like what they\u2019re saying.\u201d<\/p>\n Though Squire may be peaceful herself, among her strongest allies are \u201cantifa\u201d activists, the far-left antifascists. She doesn\u2019t consider herself to be antifa and pushes digital activism instead of the group\u2019s black-bloc tactics, in which bandanna-masked activists physically attack white supremacists. But she is sympathetic to antifa\u2019s goal of silencing racist extremists and is unwilling to condemn their use of violence, describing it as the last resort of a \u201cdiversity of tactics.\u201d She\u2019s an intelligence operative of sorts in the battle against far-right extremism, passing along information to those who might put it to real-world use. Who might weaponize it.<\/p>\n As day shifted to evening, Squire closed the database so she could finish up cooking and celebrate Thanksgiving with her family and friends. Over the next three weeks, the SPLC, with help from Squire, became comfortable enough with the information to begin to act on it. In the shadowy world of the internet, where white nationalists hide behind fake accounts and anonymity is power, Whack-a-Mole was shining a searchlight. By mid-December, the SPLC had compiled a list of 130 people and was contacting them, to give them a chance to respond before possibly informing their employers or taking legal action. Meanwhile, the left-wing activist whom Squire had separately sent data to was preparing to release certain names online. This is just how Squire likes it. Hers is a new, digitally enabled kind of vigilante justice. With no clear-cut rules for just how far a citizen could and should go, Squire has made up her own.<\/p>\n \u201c\u0007I\u2019m the old lady of activism,\u201d says Megan Squire, a professor of computer science at Elon University.<\/p>\n Squire grew up <\/span>near Virginia Beach in a conservative Christian family. She has been involved in left-leaning movements since she was 15, when her high school environmental club took a trip to protest the pollution from an industrial pig farm. \u201cI loved the activist community,\u201d she says, \u201cand saying things we weren\u2019t supposed to say.\u201d After getting degrees in art history and public policy from William & Mary, she became interested in computers and took a job as a secretary at an antivirus software company, working her way up to webmaster. She eventually got a PhD in computer science from Nova Southeastern University in Florida and moved to North Carolina to work at startup companies before landing a job teaching at Elon. Between classes she could often be spotted around town waving signs against the Iraq War, and in 2008 she went door to door campaigning for Barack Obama. But Obama\u2019s failure, in her view, to live up to his rhetoric, compounded by the Great Recession, was \u201cthe turning point when I just threw in the towel on electoral politics,\u201d she says. She plunged into the Occupy movement, coming to identify as a pacifist-anarchist, but she eventually became disillusioned with that as well when the movement\u2019s \u201csparkle-fingers\u201d utopianism, as she puts it, failed to generate results. In 2016, she cast a vote for the Green Party\u2019s Jill Stein.<\/p>\n Donald Trump\u2019s campaign, though, gave Squire a new sense of mission: \u201cI needed to figure out what talents I had and what direct actions I could do.\u201d When a mosque in the nearby city of Burlington was harassed by a local neo-Confederate group called Alamance County Taking Back Alamance County, she decided to put her skills to use. ACTBAC was using Facebook to organize a protest against the opening of the mosque, so Squire began scraping posts on the page that threatened to \u201ckick Islam out of America.\u201d She submitted her findings to the SPLC to get ACTBAC classified as a hate group, and to the North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State, which started an investigation into the group\u2019s tax-exempt nonprofit status. She also organized a counterprotest to one of the group\u2019s rallies, and it was at this event and others like it where she first became acquainted with the black-clad antifa activists. She was impressed. \u201cThey were a level of mad about racism and fascism that I was glad to see. They were definitely not quiet rainbow peace people.\u201d Over the following months, she began feeding information to some of her new local antifa contacts. As white pride rallies intensified during 2017\u2019s so-called Summer of Hate\u2014a term coined by a neo-Nazi website\u2014Squire began to monitor groups outside of North Carolina, corresponding with anonymous informants and pulling everything into her growing Whack-a-Mole database. Soon, in her community and beyond, antifa activists could be heard whispering about a new comrade who was bringing real, and potentially actionable, data-gathering skills to the cause.<\/p>\n The first big test of Whack-a-Mole came just before the white supremacist Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville on Saturday, August 12. In the weeks before, because of her database, Squire could see that nearly 700 white supremacists on Facebook had committed to attend the rally, and by perusing their posts, she knew they were buying plane tickets and making plans to caravan to Charlottesville. Her research also showed that some of them had extensive arrest records for violence. She sent a report to the SPLC, which passed it on to Charlottesville and Virginia law enforcement. She also called attention to the event on anarchist websites and spread the word via \u201caffinity groups,\u201d secret peer-to-peer antifa communication networks.<\/p>\n \u201cAntifa was a level of mad about racism and fascism that I was glad to see. They were definitely not quiet rainbow peace people.\u201d<\/p>\n The night before the rally, Squire and her husband watched in horror on the internet as several hundred white supremacists staged a torch-lit march in Charlottesville to protest the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee, chanting \u201cJews will not replace us!\u201d The next morning, the couple got up at 5 am and drove more than 150 miles through rain and mist to Virginia. At a crowded park, she met with a half-dozen or so activists she knew from North Carolina, some of them antifa, and unfurled a banner for the Industrial Workers of the World. (She\u2019d joined the Communist-inspired labor organization in December 2016, after witnessing what she considered its well-organized response to KKK rallies in North Carolina and Virginia.) Just before 10 am, the white supremacists began marching into Emancipation Park, a parade of Klansmen, neo-Nazis, militia members, and so-called alt-right adherents, armed with everything from homemade plexiglass shields to assault weapons. Squire screamed curses at the white supremacists by name\u2014she knew them because she had their information on file in Whack-a-Mole and had memorized their faces. At one point, a group of clergy tried to blockade the white supremacists, and Squire linked arms with other activists to protect them. A petite woman, she was pushed aside by men with plexiglass shields. Fights broke out. Both sides blasted pepper spray. Squire put on a gas mask she\u2019d been carrying in a backpack, but the pepper spray covered her arms, making them sting.<\/p>\n After the police finally separated the combatants, Squire and dozens of other counter\u00adprotesters took to Fourth Street in triumph. But then, a gray Dodge Challenger tore down the street\u2014and rammed into their backs. The driver, who had marched with the white nationalists and was later identified as James Alex Fields, missed Squire by only a few feet. She stood on the sidewalk, weeping in shock, as the fatally injured activist Heather Heyer lay bleeding in the street.<\/p>\n Recounting the event months later, Squire began to cry. \u201cI had all this intelligence that I hadn\u2019t used as effectively as I could have. I felt like I\u2019d wasted a chance that could have made a difference.\u201d When she returned home, she threw herself into expanding Whack-a-Mole.<\/p>\n Squire, center, marches through the streets of Asheboro, North Carolina, to protest the KKK.<\/p>\n One morning in <\/span>December, I visited Squire in her small university office. She had agreed to show me the database. First she logged onto a foreign server, where she has placed Whack-a-Mole to keep it out of the US government\u2019s reach. Her screen soon filled with stacks of folders nested within folders: the 1,200-plus hate groups in her directory. As she entered command-line prompts, spreadsheets cascaded across the screen, each cell representing a social media profile she monitors. Not all of them are real people. Facebook says up to 13 percent of its accounts may be illegitimate, but the percentage of fakes in Squire\u2019s database is probably higher, as white nationalists often hide behind multiple sock puppets. The SPLC estimates that half of the 400,000-plus accounts Squire monitors represent actual users.<\/p>\n Until Whack-a-Mole, monitoring white nationalism online mainly involved amateur sleuths clicking around, chasing rumors. Databases, such as they were, tended to be cobbled together and incomplete. Which is one reason no one has ever been able to measure the full reach of right-wing extremism in this country. Squire approached the problem like a scientist. \u201cStep one is to get the data,\u201d she says. Then analyze. Whack-a-Mole harvests most of its data by plugging into Facebook\u2019s API, the public-facing code that allows developers to build within Facebook, and running scripts that pull the events and groups to which various account owners belong. Squire chooses which accounts to monitor based on images and keywords that line up with various extremist groups.<\/p>\n Most of the Whack-a-Mole profiles contain only basic biographical sketches. For more than 1,500 high-profile individuals, however, Squire fills out their entries with information gleaned from sources like the SPLC, informers, and leaks. According to Keegan Hankes, a senior analyst at the SPLC, Squire\u2019s database \u201callows us to cast a much, much wider net. We\u2019re now able to take a much higher-level look at individuals and groups.\u201d<\/p>\n In October, after a man fired a gun at counterprotesters at a far-right rally in Florida, SPLC analysts used Squire\u2019s database to help confirm that the shooter was a white nationalist and posted about it on their blog. Because so much alt-right digital data vanishes quickly, Whack-a-Mole also serves as an archive, providing a more permanent record of, say, attendees at various rallies. Squire\u2019s database has proven so useful that the SPLC has begun laying the groundwork for it to feed directly into its servers.<\/p>\n \u201cI don\u2019t have any moral quandaries about this. I know I\u2019m following rules and ethics that I can stand up for.\u201d<\/p>\n When Squire sends <\/span>her data to actual citizens\u2014not only antifa, but also groups like the gun-toting Redneck Revolt\u2014it gets used in somewhat less official ways. Before a neo-Nazi rally in Boston this past November, Squire provided local antifa groups with a list of 94 probable white nationalist attendees that included their names, Facebook profiles, and group affiliations. As one activist who goes by the pseudo\u00adnym Robert Lee told me, \u201cWhack-a-Mole is very helpful. It\u2019s a new way to research these people that leads me to information I didn\u2019t have.\u201d He posts the supposed identities of anonymous neo-Nazis and KKK members on his blog, Restoring the Honor, which is read by journalists and left-wing activists, and on social media, in an effort to provoke the public (or employers) to rebuke them.<\/p>\n Lee is careful, he says, to stop short of full-on doxing these individuals\u2014that is, publicizing more intimate details such as home addresses, emails, and family photos that would enable electronic or even real-world harassment against them. Squire says that\u2019s why she feels comfortable sending him information. Of course, once a name is public, finding personal information is not that hard. In the digital age, doxing is a particularly blunt tool, one meant to terrorize and threaten people in their most private spaces. Celebrities, private citizens, left-wing activists, and Nazis have all been doxed. The tactic allows anonymous hordes of any persuasion to practice vigilante justice on anyone they deem evil, problematic, or just plain annoying. As the feminist video\u00adgame developer and activist Zoe Quinn, who has been doxed and brutally harassed online, has written: \u201cAre you calling for accountability and reform, or are you just trying to punish someone\u2014and do you have any right to punish anyone in the first place?\u201d<\/p>\n Squire has been doxed herself. Pictures of her home, husband, and children have been passed around on racist websites. She has received death threats and terrorizing voicemails, including one that repeated \u201cdirty kike\u201d for 11 seconds. Elon University has fielded calls demanding she be fired. On Halloween, Confederate flags were planted in her yard. Still, though Squire fears for her family\u2019s safety, she keeps going. \u201cI\u2019m aware of the risks,\u201d she says. \u201cBut it seems worth it. That\u2019s what taking a stand is.\u201d<\/p>\n Members of Berkeley\u2019s antifascist group block an Infowars reporter from covering a rally.<\/p>\n After Charlottesville, Squire considered, in her anger and grief, publicly releasing the entire Whack-a-Mole database. It would have been the largest-ever doxing of the far right. But she worried about the consequences of misidentification. Instead, she worked with her regular partners at the SPLC and activists she trusts. At one point the SPLC contacted a university about a student whom Squire had identified as a potentially violent member of the League of the South. The university did not take action, and she thought about tossing the student\u2019s name to the ever-ravenous social media mobs. But here too, she reasoned that when you have someone\u2019s life at your fingertips, you need rules. If the university wasn\u2019t willing to act, then neither was she. It was, for her, a compromise, an attempt to establish a limit in a national moment pointedly lacking in limits.<\/p>\n Critics might still argue that public shaming of the kind Squire promotes constitutes a watered-down form of doxing, and that this willingness to take matters into their own hands makes Squire and her cohort no better than vigilantes. As David Snyder, executive director of the First Amendment Coalition, says of Squire\u2019s work: \u201cIs it ethical to digitally stalk people? It may not be. Is it legal? Probably, as long as she doesn\u2019t hack into their accounts and she\u2019s collecting information they post publicly on an open platform like Facebook.\u201d But he warns that limiting speech of anyone, even white supremacists, starts down a slippery slope. \u201cPolitical winds can shift across time. Liberals who might cheer at a university limiting neo-Nazi speech also have to worry about the flip side of that situation when someone like Trump might penalize them in the future.\u201d<\/p>\n As far as Squire is concerned, there\u2019s a clear difference between protected speech and speech that poses an imminent threat to public safety. \u201cRichard Spencer yelling about wanting a white ethno-state after events like Charlottesville\u2014it\u2019s hard to argue that kind of speech doesn\u2019t constitute danger.\u201d<\/p>\n Ultimately, Squire sees her work as a type of \u201cfusion center\u201d\u2014a government term for a data center that integrates intelligence from different agencies\u2014for groups combating white nationalism. And she admits that she is outsourcing some of the ethical complexities of her work by handing her data off to a variety of actors. \u201cBut it\u2019s the same as how Facebook is hypocritical in claiming to be \u2018just a platform\u2019 and not taking responsibility for hate. Every time we invent a technology to solve a problem, it introduces a bunch more problems. At least I\u2019m attentive to the problems I\u2019ve caused.\u201d Squire sees herself as having to make difficult choices inside a system where old guidelines have been upended by the seismic powers of the internet. White nationalists can be tracked and followed, and therefore she believes she has a moral obligation to do so. As long as law enforcement keeps \u201cmissing\u201d threats like James Alex Fields, she says, \u201cI don\u2019t have any moral quandaries about this. I know I\u2019m following rules and ethics that I can stand up for.\u201d<\/p>\n After Charlottesville, some white supremacist groups did find themselves pushed off certain social media and hosting sites (see \u201cNice Website,\u201d page 56) by left-wing activists and tech companies wary of being associated with Nazis. These groups relocated to platforms like the far-right Twitter clone Gab and Russia\u2019s Facebook-lite VK. Squire sees this as a victory, believing that if white nationalists flee to the confines of the alt-right echo chamber, their ability to recruit and organize weakens. \u201cIf the knowledge that we\u2019re monitoring them on Facebook drives them to a darker corner of the internet, that\u2019s good,\u201d she asserts.<\/p>\n That doesn\u2019t mean Squire won\u2019t follow them there. She has no plans to stop digitally surveilling far-right extremists, wherever they may be. After Jason Kessler, the organizer of the Unite the Right rally, was unverified on Twitter, he joined VK. His first post read, \u201cHello VK! I\u2019d rather the Russians have my information than Mark Zuckerberg.\u201d The declaration was quickly scooped up by Squire. She had already built out Whack-a-Mole to track him there too.<\/p>\n Doug Bock Clark<\/strong> (@dougbockclark<\/a>) wrote about Myanmar\u2019s digital revolution<\/a> in issue 25.10. His first book,<\/em> The Last Whalers<\/a>, comes out in July.<\/em><\/p>\n This article appears in the February issue. Subscribe now<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n